The Imperfect Tense in Spanish

The Imperfect Tense in Spanish The imperfect tense in Spanish is the tense that expresses action in the past that has not been completed, that occurred habitually or frequently, or that took place over an indefinite period of time. It contrasts with the preterite tense, which expresses​ an action that took place at a definite time or has been completed. English does not have an imperfect tense per se, although it has other ways of expressing the concept of the Spanish imperfect, such as by context or by saying that something used to happen or was happening. The preterite and imperfect tenses are often referred to as the two simple past tenses of Spanish. The imperfect tense can also be contrasted with the perfect tenses of Spanish, which refer to completed action. (Although the usage is no longer common, the English perfect is sometimes a synonym of complete.) Spanish has past perfect, present perfect and future perfect tenses. By itself, the term imperfect tense usually refers to its indicative form. Spanish also has two forms of the subjunctive imperfect, which are nearly always interchangeable. The imperfect is known as the pretà ©rito imperfecto in Spanish. Forming the Imperfect Tense The indicative imperfect is conjugated  in the following pattern for regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs: Hablar: yo hablaba, tà º hablabas, usted/à ©l/ella hablaba, nosotros/nosotras hablbamos, vosotros/vosotras hablabais, ustedes/ellos/ellas hablaban.Beber: yo bebà ­a, tà º bebà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella bebà ­a, nosotros/nosotras bebà ­amos, vosotros/vosotras bebà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas bebà ­an.Vivir: yo vivà ­a, tà º vivà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella vivà ­a, nosotros/nosotras vivà ­amos, vosotros/vosotras vivà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas vivà ­an. The subjunctive form in more common use is conjugated as follows: Hablar: yo hablara, tà º hablaras, usted/à ©l/ella hablara, nosotros/nosotras hablramos, vosotros/vosotras hablarais, ustedes/ellos/ellas hablaran.Beber: yo bebiera, tà º bebieras, usted/à ©l/ella bebiera, nosotros/nosotras bebià ©ramos, vosotros/vosotras bebierais, ustedes/ellos/ellas bebieran.Vivir: yo viviera, tà º vivieras, usted/à ©l/ella viviera, nosotros/nosotras vivieramos, vosotros/vosotras vivierais, ustedes/ellos/ellas vivieran. Uses for the Imperfect Tense One of the most common uses of the present tenses is to tell of past actions that did not have a clear beginning or end. These may involve situations or repeated actions that occurred over an indefinite period of time. A simple example is Asistà ­amos a la escuela or We attended the school. Use of the imperfect tense indicates that it is unimportant when the attendance began and ended- in fact, asistà ­amos could be used even if the speaker is still a student at the school as long as the students attended in the past. Note that there is a subtle meaning of difference from the preterite equivalent, Asistimos a la escuela, which also could be translated as We attended the school. The preterite suggests the speaker no longer attended the school, or that the reference is to a specific time. Similarly, the imperfect is used in specifying the background of another event. For example, Nos conocimos cuando asistà ­amos a la escuela, or We met each other when we were attending the school. Conocimos is in the preterite from because it refers to an incident that occurred at a specific time, but the background portion of the sentence uses the imperfect. Translation of the imperfect to English depends on the context. The most frequent translations for asistà ­amos include we attended, we used to attend, we were attending, and we would attend. Sample Sentences Using the Imperfect Tense Spanish imperfect verbs (in boldface) with possible English translations are shown below. Él cantaba. (He used to sing. The English translation shows how the activity occurred over an indefinite, extended period of time.)Ella escribà ­a la carta. (She was writing the letter. Note that in this and the above example, out of context the verb doesnt indicate when or even whether the action came to an end.)Yo conocà ­a a Eva. (I knew Eva. Conocer can mean to know or to meet. The use of the imperfect here shows that the activity took place over an indefinite period of time, so knew makes sense here.)Una mujer murià ³ en el hospital mientras estaba bajo custodia. (A woman died in the hospital while she was in custody. This sentence shows the use of the imperfect for background.)Cuando era estudiante, jugaba todo el tiempo. (When he was a student, he would play all the time.)Dudo que mi madre comprara alguna vez esa revista. (I doubt that my mother ever bought that magazine. The imperfect is used here because the possible event wouldnt have happened at a particular time.)U n gran buffet estaba a la disposicià ³n de ellos para que comieran todo lo que quisieran. (A huge buffet was at their disposal so they could eat whatever they wanted. Note how the context requires different ways of translating the subjunctive.) Key Takeaways The imperfect tense is one of the two Spanish simple past tenses, the other being the preterite.The imperfect tense is used when the beginning and end of the action are unknown, unspecified, and/or unimportant.One common use of the imperfect is in describing events that serve as background for another event.

An Introduction to Dog Intelligence and Emotion

An Introduction to Dog Intelligence and Emotion We feed them, we let them sleep in our beds, we play with them, we even talk to them. And of course, we love them. Any dog-owner will tell you that their pet has a remarkable capacity to understand the world around them. And they’re right. Scientists have figured out great ways to find out exactly what human’s best friend is capable of. The Science of Animal Cognition Over the past several years, one of the biggest advances in our human understanding of doggie cognition has been the use of MRI machines to scan dog brains. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging, the process of taking an ongoing picture of what parts of the brain are lighting up through what external stimuli. Dogs, as any doggie parent knows, are highly trainable. This trainable nature makes dogs great candidates for MRI machines, unlike non-domesticated wild animals like birds or bears. Ragen McGowan, a scientist at Nestlà © Purina specializing in dog cognition, takes full advantage of a certain type of MRI machine, the fMRI (which stands for functional MRI), to study these animals. These machines detect changes in blood flow and use that to measure brain activity. Through ongoing research, McGowan has found out a lot about animal  cognition and feelings. In a study done in 2015, McGowan found that a human’s presence leads to increased blood flow to a dog’s eyes, ears and paws, which means the dog is excited. McGowan also studied what happens to dogs when they are being petted. We’ve known for some time that for humans, petting a beloved animal can lead to lower rates of stress and anxiety. Well, it turns out the same is true for dogs. When humans pet shelter dogs for 15 minutes or more, the dog’s heart rate decreases and it becomes less anxious overall. Another recent study on dog cognition found that our beloved companion animals can tell the difference in our emotional expressions. In another study done with the fMRI machine, scientists found that not only can dogs tell the difference between happy and sad human faces, they also respond differently to them. As Smart as Children Animal psychologists have clocked dog intelligence at right around that of a two to two-and-a-half-year-old human child. The 2009 study which examined this found that dogs can understand up to 250 words and gestures. Even more surprising, the same study found that dogs can actually count low numbers (up to five) and even do simple math. And have you ever experienced the emotions of your dog while you’re petting another animal or paying attention to something else? Do you imagine they feel something like human jealousy? Well, there’s science to back this up, too. Studies have found that dogs do, in fact, experience jealousy. Not only that, but dogs do their best to figure out how to â€Å"handle† the thing that’s taking their parent’s attention - and if they have to force the attention back on them, they will. Dogs have been studied for their empathy, as well. A 2012 study examined dogs’ behavior towards distressed humans that weren’t their owners. While the study concluded that dogs display an empathy-like behavior, the scientists writing the report decided that it may be better explained as â€Å"emotional contagion† and a history of being rewarded for this type of emotional alertness. Is it empathy? Well, it sure seems like it. Numerous other studies on dog behavior, emotion, and intelligence have found that dogs â€Å"eavesdrop† on human interactions to assess who is mean to their owner and who isn’t and that dogs follow their human’s gaze. These studies may just be the tip of the iceberg when it comes to our learning about dogs. And as for doggie parents? Well, they may know a lot more than the rest of us, just by observing their best canine companions every day. The studies done on dog cognition all illuminate one thing: that humans may know much less about dog brains than we previously thought. As time goes on, more and more scientists are becoming interested in animal research, and with each new study done, we find out more about how our beloved pets think.